Delhi's
history goes much further back in time than the 13th century. In 1955, excavations
at the Purana Qila revealed that the site was inhabited 3000 years ago. Ware
pottery known as Painted Gray Ware and dated to 1000 BC confirmed this as being
yet another site associated with the epic Mahabharata. The excavations also
cut through houses and streets of the Sultanate, Rajput, post-Gupta, Gupta,
Saka-Kushan and Sunga periods, reaching down to the Mauryan era (300 BC), thus
revealing almost continuous habitaion. The association of Emperor Ashoka (273-36
BC) with Delhi has come to light with the discovery of a Minor Rock Edict in
the locality known as Srinivaspuri.
A clearer picture of the city emerges from the end of the 10th century, when
the Tomar Rajputs established themselves in the in the Aravalli hills south
of Delhi. The isolated, rocky outcrop facilitated the defence of the royal resort
which the Rajputs called Dhilli or Dhillika. The core of the first of the seven
cities was created by Anangpal Tomar who is said to have built Lal Kot, which
is the first known regular defence work in Delhi. The Chauhan Rajputs later
captured Delhi from the Tomars . Prithviraj III, also known as Rai Pithora,
extended Lal Kot, adding massive ramparts and gates, and made Qila Rai Pithora
the first city of Delhi.
Today, only the ramparts are visible near the Qutub Minar , though the city
is known to have had several Hindu and Jain temples. Prithviraj was ruling Delhi
when Muhammad of Ghur invaded India, and died fighting the invader at the Second
Battle of Tarain in 1192. Ghur returned, but left as his viceroy, his slave
Qutbuddin Aibak.
In 1206, Qutbuddin crowned himself as the Sultan of the Slave or Mamluk dynasty,
and became the first Muslim ruler of Delhi. Qutbuddin, had however, commenced
his architectural career even before he chose to become the sultan. The mosque
was essential to the Islamic emphasis on congregational prayer, while the burial
of the dead, as opposed to cremation, introduced the tomb to India.
The
earliest of these Islamic structures are to be seen in the Qutub complex and
the incorporation of many Hindu elements is due to the ready availability of
building material and the use of local craftsmen. Qutbuddin raised the Quwwat-ul-Islam
(might of Islam) mosque, which is the earliest extant mosque in India. Within
its spacious courtyard he retained the 4th century Iron Pillar, probably the
standard of an ancient Vishnu temple. The pillar has puzzled scientists, as
its iron has not rusted in all these centuries.
In 1199, Qutbuddin raised the Qutub Minar either as a victory tower or as a
minaret to the adjacent mosque. From a base of 14.32 mtrs it tapers to 2.75
mtrs at a height of 72.5 mtrs. It is still the highest stone tower in India,
one of the finest tower Islamic structures ever raised and Delhi's recognized
landmark. It was completed by the Sultan's successor and son-in-low, Iltutmish.
The tomb of Iltutmish, which he himself built in 1235, is nearby. Its interiors
are profusely decorated with calligraphy, thought the dome has collapsed.
The Khalji rulers displaced the Slave dynasty in 1290, and when Alauddin Khali
ordered renovations of the mosque in 1311, he also raised the impressive Alai
Darwaza, the southern entrance to the mosque. It is the first example of a building
employing wholly Islamic principles of construction, including the true arch.
In 1303, Alauddin, established the second city of Delhi, called Siri, of which
nothing remains but the embattlements. He also had dug a vast reservoir, Hauz
Khas, to sypply water to his city.
Contemporary historians describe the Delhi of that time as being the "envy
of Baghdad, the rival of Cairo and the equal of Constantinople". (for the
sake of convenience, tourists visiting the Qutb complex could also see the Tomb
of AdhamKhan and Zafar Mahal in Mehrauli, and the Tomb of Jamai-Kamali behind
the Qutb Minar. These, however, belong to a later date.) The Khalhjis were replaced
by the Tughlaq dynasty in 1321. of its eleven rulers, only the first three were
interested in architecture and each of them established a new city.
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